There are numerous varieties of eyesight conditions could affect any person. Many of these are really simple to proper together with contact lenses, spectacles or perhaps nutritional supplements while some may require a lot more radical restorative measures including surgical procedures.
These types of vision troubles contain blind areas, blurred eye-sight, halo, as well as floaters. Impaired places are liver spots or perhaps divots in the field of eye-sight in which nothing at all can be viewed. Blurred vision could be the wherewithal to see modest information because sharpness associated with eye-sight sheds.
Changes in eyesight we.electronic., halos all around lighting, blurriness along with sightless spots often be examined simply by an ophthalmologist. These alterations could mean an eye ailment as well as vision harm. Unexpected difficulty with eye-sight might also reveal diabetes and other situation affecting a lot of organs in the body.
Diverse Eye-sight Difficulties
The next varieties of eye-sight problems could be remedied using spectacles or even contact lenses:
Hypermetropia as well as Far sightedness ? this is a frequent vision eye-sight problem. A person who can be farsighted can see far items obviously however has blurry vision of in close proximity to items. Your eyes of a man or woman using this problem target pictures with a point at the rear of your retina. Far sightedness happens when the cornea is simply too toned or even when the vision will be quicker than normal. Far sightedness is likely to operate inside households and is also normally found starting from start. This specific perspective issue will be corrected with the aid of convex contact lenses within eye glasses or even contact lenses. The younger generation with this particular vision problem never always require therapy since lenses of the eye are accommodating ample to compensate for the dilemma. Aged sufferers nevertheless requires restorative lenses to further improve their particular eye-sight. Individuals with hypermetropia or even far sightedness could opt for surgical treatment when they desire to use using this method to fix the challenge.
Short sightedness or Nearsightedness : this is one of the most widespread types of eye-sight problems and it is typically noticed in small children and also youngsters. The nearsighted particular person is able to see close to subject evidently and often will have a problem together with much physical objects. In this issue, the sunlight is concentrated as you?re watching retina consequently distant physical objects turn out to be confused. Nearsightedness happens in the event the eye itself is too prolonged or cornea is too large. As a result photos are now being concentrated inside vitreous sense of humor as opposed to on the retina. This kind of eyesight problem can end up being adjusted by the use of restorative contacts or glasses who have a negative to prevent strength. Which means they are concave lenses and they help concentrate the look about the retina. Just like far-sightedness, nearsighted folks can also choose surgery for a static correction when they would like.
Presbyopia ? one of many a variety of eyesight issues, it is a condition that comes with your growth of grow older. It could be regarded as an indication regarding growing older. Presbyopia commences affecting people who are of their first to be able to mid-40s. This specific eye difficulty suggests the particular gradual reduction of the actual eye?s ability to concentrate on close by things. Along with growing age, your contact lens in the sight will become tougher and much less adaptable consequently close-up photos walk out of focus. Presbyopia is treatable simply by prescription reading through cups, bifocal disposable lenses, bifocals, trifocals, modified monovision strategy along with monovision disposable lenses. Refractive medical procedures along with contact lens augmentations are also treatment option for such a aesthetic issue.
Astigmatism : individuals with this problem experience blurry eyesight in any way distances. The particular irregular model of the actual cornea or the zoom lens leads to astigmatism. Fuzzy perspective may happen a lot more one way: maybe it?s vertically, side to side or diagonally. Astigmatism may occur along with other forms of vision difficulties just like far-sightedness as well as nearsightedness. Glasses and contact contacts can correct astigmatism. Echoing medical procedures could also be used.Additional vision dilemma types less difficult more severe as opposed to kinds previously stated. The following are varieties of eye-sight troubles which usually can not be corrected simply by cups or perhaps connections on your own. A few of these might cause loss of sight.
Cataracts : cataract signifies ?clouding; of all or section of the usually obvious contact within the eye. This brings about deformed or even confused eye-sight.
Eyesight floaters * these types of seem like tiny locations, dots or collections that will proceed through your current distinctive line of perspective. These are generally really really small clumps involving mobile or teeth whitening gel inside vitreous fluid inside the eye. These floaters may be an illustration regarding retinal detachment. In case you knowledge eyesight floaters, it is advisable to consult a good ophthalmologist straight away.
Glaucoma ? such things happen when the force with the smooth within your eyes generates and also problems the fibers within the optic neural. This particular destruction can cause eyesight reduction and if not treated, can cause full loss of sight.
Conjunctivis : this can be referred to as red attention in fact it is caused by an inflammatory reaction with the conjunctiva. Conjunctiva could be the slim, transparent level in which lines the inside of the eyelid cover up the particular whitened of the eye. Conjunctiva infection is usually the consequence of a virus and can typically deal with without any therapy. Occasionally nevertheless, green eyesight can be caused by a bacterial infection and will require anti-biotics.
Retinal tears and also retinal detachment : they?re on the list of much more serious kinds of vision conditions that you should definitely treated instantly, can result in blindness. These kind of circumstances get a new slender covering associated with veins in which items vitamins and also oxygen towards the retina. Your initial symptom of these kinds of eyesight issues will be vision floaters.
Macular damage * this can be due to changes in the particular macula part of the retina. The macula accounts for well-defined and obvious eye-sight. This aesthetic issue will cause a blind place in the centre of the discipline regarding perspective.In case you have a family group good reputation for attention ailment, then you?re planning to create of those kinds of perspective issues. There?s also various other risk factors like previous vision injuries, conditions affecting the full physique just like all forms of diabetes, rapid start, heart disease, high blood pressure, or even AIDS. To know for those who have a serious attention issue, you should check with a great eye doctor or perhaps ophthalmologist. First prognosis is the vital thing to be able to fixing different kinds of eyesight troubles. Additionally it is crucial not to consider up your eyes without any consideration and care for them by eating healthy, performing vision physical exercises and decreasing actions that will pressure your eyes.
To more accurately predict storm tracks, landfalls and damage risks, researchers focus new attention on individual storms and past behavior to reduce the "cone of uncertainty"
By Larry Greenemeier
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July 18, 2012
CONE OF UNCERTAINTY: Also called error cones, they arise because forecasts become less precise the further in the future they attempt to project. The image here shows the cone of uncertainty for post-tropical cyclone Debby late last month.Image: Courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Showcasing more than fifty of the most provocative, original, and significant online essays from 2011, The Best Science Writing Online 2012 will change the way...
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Despite advances in weather prediction technology, meteorologists must still qualify any hurricane forecasts with a "cone of uncertainty," which depicts just how far the center of a storm might deviate from its projected track. This year's hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean, which began June 1, is expected to be less active than those recent years, but with season's peak less than a month away researchers are exploring new data-driven approaches to better warn those potentially in the path of approaching storms.
Cones of uncertainty?also called error cones?arise because forecasts become less precise the further in the future they attempt to project. The National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center (NHC) develops its tropical storm forecasts and the surrounding uncertainty cones by studying the degree to which all storms?regardless of location, intensity or other storm-related characteristics?have deviated from their projected paths over the past five years. The storm's track is represented as a series of circles connected by a line, with each circle representing a 12-hour forecast period. A cone shape forms as the circles grow and merge because of increasing uncertainty the further into the future the storm's path is projected.
NHC forecasts have improved steadily since 2003, when the agency first began issuing five-day warnings to the public. This year, for each 24-hour period, the radius of potential divergence is about 103 kilometers, down from about 110 last year. Despite these improvements, there is still only a 60 to 70 percent chance that through five days, the center of the storm will stay entirely within the uncertainty cone.
The hurricane center is refining its cone model and the software that generates it? to better assess storm behavior and reduce uncertainty on a case-by-case basis, says James Franklin, branch chief of the NHC's Hurricane Specialist Unit, which maintains a continuous watch on tropical cyclones and areas of disturbed weather within the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins.
Attention to individual storms provides "a more accurate assessment of risk," Franklin says. "It's an assessment more tuned to the situation at hand, rather than assuming the risk is the same all the time." To make its decisions, the hurricane center relies primarily on the Wind Speed Probability Products, which indicates an area's chances of experiencing hurricane-force and tropical-storm-force winds from any active storm.
Another notable effort to improve tropical storm and hurricane forecasting is underway at EarthRisk Technologies, a San Diego?based company developing what it calls a "dynamically adjusted cone model" for its clients in the energy and insurance industries. Given that not all storms are the same, the company creates these cones using the NHC data on storms of similar intensity and location, rather than on all storms in a region over the past five years.
History suggests that storms forming deeper in the tropics have been forecast more accurately in the past than storms that form in higher latitudes, says Steve Bennett, EarthRisk's chief science and products officer. "Of course this remains to be tested, but we believe that the forecast for a strong hurricane moving through the western Caribbean Sea can often have a narrower uncertainty cone than a weak tropical storm moving through the Gulf of Mexico," he adds. EarthRisk's dynamically adjusted cone forecasts are still in the early stages and will not be available in time for this year's hurricane season.
EarthRisk grew out of a Scripps Institution of Oceanography project a few years ago that sought to predict future extreme temperature fluctuations by studying historic weather data?including sea-level pressure, air temperature at altitudes of three to six kilometers and in the stratosphere (between about 10 and 50 kilometers), along with jet stream positions and velocities?gathered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration since 1948. Whereas most temperature predictions are reliable only up to one week in advance, EarthRisk claims its forecasts can accurately detect the heat waves and cold snaps that impact energy prices as far as 40 days in advance.
Tropical storm and hurricane prediction are a new endeavor for EarthRisk, and Bennett says his company is not looking to compete with the NHC in terms of forecasting. He adds, "Our customers are looking for ways to assess financial risk related to weather, while the hurricane center is providing information for public safety."
Under South Carolina law, physical abuse includes: slapping, hitting, kicking, biting, choking, grabbing, burning, dragging the patient as well as confining a patient to control his or her behavior.
A counselor doesn't have to inflict abuse to be held responsible for the physical abuse. An individual may be held responsible if he or she permits it occur without doing anything to stop or prevent the abuse.
Signs and symptoms of Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect:
Elder care patients experiencing the physical harm of their caregivers commonly exhibit:
bruises, welts, burns unexplained fractures and other physical injuries repeated accidents personal injuries left untreated
In addition, the patient may
refer to their caregiver's poor temperament or anger be nervous or quiet around their caregiver run away from the home or attempts to run away from the facility have marks or scarring resulting from restraints that have been placed on their wrists or arms show signs that they are suffering from the effects of chemical restraints such as incoherence, grogginess, too much sleep, sudden fear, restlessness, or anxiety be prohibited from obtaining medical treatment or be restricted from seeing guests Mental Abuse at a Residential Care Facility
may include: participating in any act of intimidating behavior that triggers fear, humiliation, degradation, agitation, confusion, or any other forms of serious emotional stress.
Indications of Abuse:
mysterious changes in conduct withdrawal from family and friends fear, restlessness, anxiety unexplained weight gain or loss unexpected loss of interest in living an unexpected decline of psychological well being signs of anxiety, distrust or fear towards their caregiver, signs of extreme shock such as the existence of tics such as rocking or refusing to speak remoteness Nursing home abuse and neglect lawsuits can be difficult to establish because of a common tendency among insurance adjusters, physicians and others, to discount an elderly person's personal injuries and to ignore the diminished quality of life that results from a South Carolina nursing home abuse or neglect case.
For all of these reasons, it really is both an honor and a challenge to represent your loved on in a nursing home abuse or neglect case.
The Strom Law Firm's comprehensive analysis and effective presentation of the losses sustained by an elderly client, supply the background necessary to convince both jurors and insurance adjusters to fully compensate injured senior citizens.
If your loved one has been seriously injured while under the treatment of a nursing home, call the Strom Law Firm, LLC nursing home attorneys right now for a free consultation to discuss the most appropriate course of action. We offer flexible appointment times and will aggressively fight for justice.
Estimates are that 700,000 to 3.5 million seniors are abused, neglected or even taken advantage of each and every year. Nevertheless, most seniors are scared to report their encounters and for that reason, are forced to continue to endure the abusive situation.
Without awareness, public education, and swift action, these types of cases will only increase as the baby boomer population ages. Let's put a stop to elder care abuse, neglect and exploitation. Signs of elder abuse should be reported and we should educate elder care residents about their rights.
The information you obtain on this website is not, nor is it meant to be, legal advice. You need to talk to an attorney for guidance relating to your individual situation. This article is not intended to and does not create an attorney-client relationship.
J.P.Strom, Jr. P.A. Strom Law Firm, LLC 2110 Beltline Boulevard Columbia, South Carolina 29204
Should you aren?t fit and healthy, then contemplating getting into good shape, can sometimes feel as if this kind of demanding matter. You don?t have to feel stressed when contemplating engaging in condition. Just keep an optimistic attitude and use whatever you figure out how to the best of what you can do and achievement should stick to. Check out this article to get a feeling of what path you ought to go in your workout goals.
Once your health and fitness regimen calls for a training with plenty representatives, count backwards as opposed to forwards. By checking lower out of your focus on to absolutely nothing you concentration your attention on your own objective. Keeping track of up from an is not really as motivational, as it stimulates you to concentrate on exactly how much you may have completed and how tired you are getting.
Be aware that with physical fitness, a lot less is more. This means that when you exercise regularity is often far more valuable for your health in comparison to the overall period of time that you are currently exercising. By way of example, performing 5 various half hour exercises will likely be better to improve your health and the body than doing two 75 minute trainings. Overall small recurrent workouts will be greater for your health and brain because they won?t overtire or older-stress you.
If you?re seeking to get in shape another thing to think about is always to gradually boost the difficulty of your respective routine. Should you boost it too fast you can expect to lose your enthusiasm, and too slow-moving, the results will be too sluggish. For instance when you utilized to go walking thirty minutes each day for a price of three kilometers 1 hour boost it to 30 minutes, or increase your speed to 3 as well as a fifty percent mph.
In case you have a finger that continually continues to be jammed, you should attempt taping that finger to some finger appropriate beside it. This is because simply because this tends to make equally fingers more powerful if they are with each other, and you also are far less likely to bend the crammed finger with an peculiar position, which may jam the finger much more.
Even if you have almost no time for physical exercise, it is possible to nonetheless make lots of time to do little parts that be very convenient. Do a little pushups on the floor when you?re waiting around for h2o to boil for pasta. Carry out some bouncing jacks well before your bed. If you can discover just thirty minutes of seldom used time each day, you can improve your fitness drastically.
An incredible hint to help you suit is to not overlook the strength of simple bodyweight exercises. Drive ups, pullups, rest ups, and squats with only your whole body body weight are incredibly good exercise routines which are often ignored. That you can do them anyplace simply because you don?t need to have any products.
You might have learned the concise explanation of exercise and fitness, as well as the actions to take to further improve your fitness level. Be sure that you take good care of your system so you don?t overdo any exercises so that you can steer clear of straining or pulling a muscle mass. Have some fun and make certain you take pleasure in getting into condition!
While the real estate industry remains flat, renovating existing property is becoming popular with my homeowners. Read on for some valuable information that you should apply in your next home improvement project. Useful information is key to helping you make the best decisions for your home.
If you have carpet, limit the amount of time your drapes are open. Sunlight can bleach your carpet, which can cost you a lot of money on a replacement. Using furniture to block the sun's damaging rays or only opening the drapes when the sun's light is less intense can help to preserve your carpet.
Even the most seemingly minor home-improvement project can have a major impact on the overall value of a home. If you want to sell the home, think about making a few small changes. You could just give the interior and exterior of your home a new paint job. For just a few hundred dollars, you can boost your home's value by close to a thousand dollars!
For a home improvement that offers an outstanding return, replace your outdated entry door with a steel front door. Research shows that homeowners who replace their front doors with a steel one, got more than they spent when they resold the house. A steel door that is new can boost curb appeal and create an energy efficient home.
When looking for a contractor, the lowest quote is not necessarily the best. Research each company thoroughly before choosing a contractor. While the lowest prices may seem like the best deals, you could end up spending lots more in the long run.
Simply upgrading your appliances can actually save you money in the long run. Upgrading old or inefficient appliances can pay for themselves quickly from the energy savings resulting from new, energy-efficient models. Installing a new appliance is quick and easy, offering a home improvement with almost instant gratification.
Make sure you use all the space in your home wisely when you are trying to sell. For example, a home office should be furnished accordingly with a desk and other accessories. A family room, on the other hand, should be furnished with kid-friendly, welcoming decor and furniture. This helps buyers visualize themselves better in the space. This gives them a good idea on how to use it. Well defined spaces make a house more attractive and set it up to sell faster.
If you need to reclaim some space on an end table or nightstand, ditch the table lamp and replace it with a floor lamp. Floor lamps stand freely and take up less space. They can also be more easily moved around, since they do not require an entire other surface to rest on. Pick out a lamp that is different and that you really enjoy.
Few things are more distracting than the sight of faded, torn blinds and window treatments. New blinds can make a world of difference in your room. Blinds can easily get faded or damaged. New blinds are a rather simple home improvement project that provides surprising results.
When doing home improvement projects, you must have the proper tools. The correct tool will allow the project to be done correctly. It is also important that you know how to ptoperly use the tools your are going to be dealing with.
You will be able to let your creative side show when you own a home. Everyday people are beginning their own home improvement projects and using them to make their homes looks better, as opposed to purchasing a brand new home. Using the information above will give you a head start in planning your next project successfully.
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MONDAY July 16, 2012 -- Being obese may affect a woman's response to breast cancer treatment, a small new study suggests.
British researchers looked at 54 postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, meaning that the tumor may grow in the presence of estrogen. More than three-quarters of breast cancers require estrogen to grow, so blocking the production or action of estrogen is one of the main ways to treat the disease.
The researchers found that obese breast cancer patients had higher levels of estrogen than women of normal weight.
The women in the study also were compared according to their body-mass index (BMI). BMI is a measure of obesity based on height and weight, and a BMI of 30 is considered the threshold for obesity. Women with a BMI of 30 to 35 had about three times higher levels of estrogen in their blood than those with a BMI of less than 25, the researchers reported July 16 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
After treatment with hormone-suppressing drugs, estrogen levels in the obese women dropped significantly, but still remained at more than double the levels seen in women of normal weight.
The researchers emphasized that women undergoing breast cancer treatment should not be concerned by the findings. They also said the study results may lead to improvements in doctors' ability to select the best treatment for overweight and obese breast cancer patients.
"Our findings are based on laboratory studies, so we would need to carry out clinical trials to tell us whether women with a higher BMI would benefit from changes to their treatment," study senior author Mitch Dowsett, a team leader in the Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre at the Institute of Cancer Research in London, said in an institute news release.
"Women with higher BMIs should certainly not be alarmed by this finding or stop taking their treatment," he said. "[However], our study takes us a step closer to understanding which of the treatment options available might be the most suitable for individual women."
More information
The U.S. National Cancer Institute has more about breast cancer.
There is a vast amount of knowledge available when it comes to affiliate marketing. Therefore, you want to stay ahead of the game by continuously expanding your knowledge in the subject. This article is here to help you with some tips that you can use and apply to an affiliate marketing plan.
In order to make an informed decision on which affiliate network you want to work with, there are some key things that you should look into. Check out how many programs are offered, if the payments to affiliates are reliable, the type of statistical reporting that is offered, and promotional content or tools they would offer you.
Learning about your affiliate marketing programs should only take about twenty percent of your time, while acting on what you?ve learned should take the other eighty percent. Schedule your time accordingly so you?re spending the bulk of your day working towards making money instead of spending time on forums or groups.
Create a free podcast that people can download and listen to. Hearing your actual voice will go a long way towards building the trust that your customers much have in you to create repeat business. Make sure to keep recording additional podcasts on a regular basis to build a following.
Christmas is a great time of the year for affiliate marketing. But you have to make sure you are not falling for common tricks and selling the same products as every one else. Look for original products that you can market easily. Perhaps Christmas could be the occasion for you to try a new vendor.
Take the time to learn some tricks of the trade prior to getting involved with any affiliate marketing program. If you get into it without knowing the basics, you are likely to find yourself getting ripped off and wasting your valuable time on something that is bound to fail.
Working from home can lead you to many distractions, so make sure that you know how to say NO! This is your job, but family members can forget that since you?re at home and it doesn?t seem like you?re busy to them. You must get them to understand that you are not available to them.
A great tip that affiliate marketers can use to check on the quality of the companies they are dealing with, is to contact them pretending to be a customer and check their phone order system. If you find it difficult or have a bad experience, there is a good chance your customers will feel the same way and not buy anything.
When you are marketing supplements, make sure that you understand the difference between supplements that are designed to address and illness and those designed for general health. When selling general health supplements, your market is going to be health nuts and body builders, while illness-related supplements are probably going to have a smaller market of people with that illness.
Affiliate marketers should understand the referrals are not only great for your site, but they benefit all your affiliate marketers as well. Make sure you give proper credit to your marketers as this will increase customer loyalty and give you a better reputation in your industry. This could lead to better deals down the road.
Obviously, one article cannot possibly cover every single aspect of affiliate marketing, but this is a good start if you want to begin formulating a plan for marketing success. You can take the information you learned here and use it as a solid foundation to start building your career as an affiliate today.
Beside writing about Affiliate Revenue, Sheryll Timmermann also shares knowledge about Article Marketing Robot 20 Discount? on her websites. To find out more about Article Marketing Robot 2012, visit www.warriorforum.com
Geosphere: How geology, technology, modeling, and mapping see into Earth's past and presentPublic release date: 16-Jul-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kea Giles kgiles@geosociety.org Geological Society of America
New Geosphere science online July 16, 2012
Boulder, Colo., USA New Geosphere articles posted online 16 July 2012 include additions to three themes: "Seeing the True Shape of Earth's Surface: Applications of Airborne and Terrestrial LiDAR in the Geosciences"; "Neogene Tectonics and Climate-Tectonic Interactions in the Southern Alaskan Orogen"; and "Origin and Evolution of the Sierra Nevada and Walker Lane." Locations studied include Baja California; Cofre de Perote volcano, Mexico; Mammoth Mountain and Long Valley, California, USA; the Sevier hinterland; and the Wrangell volcanic belt.
Abstracts for these and other Geosphere papers are available at http://geosphere.gsapubs.org/. Representatives of the media may obtain complimentary copies of Geosphere articles by contacting Kea Giles at the address above.
Please discuss articles of interest with the authors before publishing stories on their work, and please make reference to Geosphere in articles published. Contact Kea Giles for additional information or assistance.
Non-media requests for articles may be directed to GSA Sales and Service, gsaservice@geosociety.org.
Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology David E. Haddad et al., School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES701.1.
Earthquakes that rupture Earth's topography can cause significant loss of human life and destruction to anthropogenic structures, such as schools, hospitals, and office buildings. Fortunately, these large earthquakes leave telltale marks about their sizes and distributions over geologic time. For example, large earthquakes can displace stream channels, river terraces, fluvial ridges, and even topple fragile geologic features. The purpose of this paper by David E. Haddad and colleagues is to demonstrate how laser scanning, also known as LiDAR, can be applied in paleoseismic research to measure the magnitude and extent of past large earthquakes. The paper presents three case studies that include millimeter-scale imaging of sedimentary deposits and faults in paleoseismic trenches, measuring decadal-scale erosion rates of fault scarps, and high-resolution imaging of precariously balanced rocks. All case studies show that laser scanning is an effective analytical tool for documenting past earthquakes and has the potential for being an integral component of the paleoseismic toolbox.
Miocene basin development and volcanism along a strike-slip to flat-slab subduction transition: stratigraphy, geochemistry, and geochronology of the central Wrangell volcanic belt, Yakutat-North America collision zone Jeffrey Michael Trop et al., Bucknell University, Dept. of Geology, 701 Moore Avenue, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES762.1.
The Wrangell volcanic belt extends more than 500 km across eastern Alaska, northwestern British Columbia, and southwestern Yukon Territory and makes up much of the high topography of the Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, including ice-capped volcanoes with elevations exceeding 4600 m. Volcanism, mountain building, and sedimentary basin development resulted in the deposition of diverse volcanic and sedimentary rocks and was driven by subduction of oceanic crust and collision of crustal fragments against the North American continent. Jeff Trop of Bucknell University and colleagues have obtained extensive field and analytical data from the essentially unexplored central part of the volcanic belt to better constrain the timing and nature of tectonic processes and landscape evolution. They integrate their new datasets with previous studies from the western and eastern parts of the volcanic belt to present a tectonic model that documents diachronous volcanism and basin development along the northern Pacific margin in response to progressive insertion of the Yakutat terrane into the arcuate continental margin of southeastern Alaska.
Magnitudes and spatial patterns of erosional exhumation in the Sevier hinterland, eastern Nevada and western Utah: Insights from a Paleogene paleogeologic map Sean P. Long, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES783.1.
Extension of the crust in the Basin and Range province has complexly overprinted the hinterland of the Sevier fold-thrust belt in Nevada and Utah, which is a region often interpreted as an ancient, high-elevation orogenic plateau. In this paper, Sean P. Long has constructed a paleogeologic map of this region that shows the distribution of rocks and structures that were at the surface between 25 and 45 million years ago, and therefore offers a simplified view of the bedrock geology prior to the majority of Basin and Range extension. In addition, using records of thickness patterns of sedimentary rocks that once overlay this region, Long presents an additional map that shows the amount of rock that was eroded off of the Sevier hinterland prior to extension. These paleogeologic and erosion maps greatly aid in our understanding of the geometry and distribution of thrust faults and folds in the Sevier hinterland, the erosion processes that operate in high-elevation orogenic plateaus, and the timing of the subsequent extensional collapse of this region.
Transtensional deformation and structural control of contiguous but independent magmatic systems: Mono-Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain, and Long Valley Caldera, California P. Riley et al., ExxonMobil Production Company, 800 Bell Street, Houston, Texas 77002, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES00662.1.
This paper by P. Riley and colleagues provides two tectonic models to explain recent (younger than three million years old) magmatism around Mammoth Mountain and Long Valley, California, USA. First, we suggest that magmatism associated with Mammoth Mountain, and extending north along the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain is part of a ridge-transform-ridge system, similar to known rift margins. Second, we suggest that fault patterns, block rotations, and plate motions produced a region of enhanced extension, creating space for the formation of the Long Valley Caldera. The two tectonic models are both a consequence of transtensional deformation occurring between the Sierra Nevada microplate and the North America plate, and suggest that the area may be an incipient rift margin.
The origins of Late Quaternary debris avalanche and debris flow deposits from Cofre de Perote volcano, Mexico Rodolfo Daz-Castelln et al., Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Quertaro, Mxico. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES708.1.
Cofre de Perote volcano is a compound, shield-like volcano located in the northeastern Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. Large debris avalanche and lahar deposits are associated with the evolution of Cofre. The two best preserved of these debris-avalanche and debris-flow deposits are the ~42,000-year-old Los Pescados debris flow deposit and the ~11,000- to 13,000-year-old Xico avalanche deposit, both of which display contrasting morphological and textural characteristics, source materials, origins and emplacement environments. Rodolfo Das-Castelln and colleagues used multiple analytical techniques to identify the most abundant clay, sulfate, ferric-iron, and silica minerals in the deposits, which were either related to hydrothermal alteration or chemical weathering processes. They next used cloud-free Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) remote sensing imagery, supporting EO-1 Hyperion image spectra, and field-ground truth samples to map the mineralogy and distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks on the modern summit of Cofre de Perote. The results show that the older Los Pescados debris-flow deposit contains mostly halloysite and hydrous silica minerals, which match the dominant mineralogy of soils and weathered volcanic deposit in the surrounding flanks of Cofre de Perote. Its source materials were most likely derived from initially noncohesive or clay-poor flows, which subsequently bulked with clay-rich valley soils and alluvium in a manner similar to lahars from Nevado del Ruiz in 1985, but on a larger scale. The younger Xico avalanche deposit contains abundant smectite, jarosite, kaolinite, gypsum, and mixed-layered illite/smectite, which are either definitely or most likely of hydrothermal alteration origin.
Middle Miocene to early Pliocene oblique extension in the southern Gulf of California Fiona H. Sutherland et al., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES770.1.
Seismic reflection profiling reveals an early history of oblique rifting in the Gulf of California that highlights earlier detachment of Baja California away from mainland Mexico. Capture of the Baja California microplate was thought to be a two-step process that began about 12 million years ago but did not gather steam until six million years ago, when extension was focused in what we now call the Gulf of California or Sea of Cortez. New research by Fiona H. Sutherland and colleagues shows that extension focused behind Baja California began in earnest 12 million years ago and has been continuing ever since. This process of nascent rifting is similar to what is happening today in the Walker Lane deformation belt, a zone of trans-tension and shear, just east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, although this process has not reached full continental-scale rupture (in Alta California) just yet.
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Geosphere: How geology, technology, modeling, and mapping see into Earth's past and presentPublic release date: 16-Jul-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kea Giles kgiles@geosociety.org Geological Society of America
New Geosphere science online July 16, 2012
Boulder, Colo., USA New Geosphere articles posted online 16 July 2012 include additions to three themes: "Seeing the True Shape of Earth's Surface: Applications of Airborne and Terrestrial LiDAR in the Geosciences"; "Neogene Tectonics and Climate-Tectonic Interactions in the Southern Alaskan Orogen"; and "Origin and Evolution of the Sierra Nevada and Walker Lane." Locations studied include Baja California; Cofre de Perote volcano, Mexico; Mammoth Mountain and Long Valley, California, USA; the Sevier hinterland; and the Wrangell volcanic belt.
Abstracts for these and other Geosphere papers are available at http://geosphere.gsapubs.org/. Representatives of the media may obtain complimentary copies of Geosphere articles by contacting Kea Giles at the address above.
Please discuss articles of interest with the authors before publishing stories on their work, and please make reference to Geosphere in articles published. Contact Kea Giles for additional information or assistance.
Non-media requests for articles may be directed to GSA Sales and Service, gsaservice@geosociety.org.
Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology David E. Haddad et al., School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES701.1.
Earthquakes that rupture Earth's topography can cause significant loss of human life and destruction to anthropogenic structures, such as schools, hospitals, and office buildings. Fortunately, these large earthquakes leave telltale marks about their sizes and distributions over geologic time. For example, large earthquakes can displace stream channels, river terraces, fluvial ridges, and even topple fragile geologic features. The purpose of this paper by David E. Haddad and colleagues is to demonstrate how laser scanning, also known as LiDAR, can be applied in paleoseismic research to measure the magnitude and extent of past large earthquakes. The paper presents three case studies that include millimeter-scale imaging of sedimentary deposits and faults in paleoseismic trenches, measuring decadal-scale erosion rates of fault scarps, and high-resolution imaging of precariously balanced rocks. All case studies show that laser scanning is an effective analytical tool for documenting past earthquakes and has the potential for being an integral component of the paleoseismic toolbox.
Miocene basin development and volcanism along a strike-slip to flat-slab subduction transition: stratigraphy, geochemistry, and geochronology of the central Wrangell volcanic belt, Yakutat-North America collision zone Jeffrey Michael Trop et al., Bucknell University, Dept. of Geology, 701 Moore Avenue, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES762.1.
The Wrangell volcanic belt extends more than 500 km across eastern Alaska, northwestern British Columbia, and southwestern Yukon Territory and makes up much of the high topography of the Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, including ice-capped volcanoes with elevations exceeding 4600 m. Volcanism, mountain building, and sedimentary basin development resulted in the deposition of diverse volcanic and sedimentary rocks and was driven by subduction of oceanic crust and collision of crustal fragments against the North American continent. Jeff Trop of Bucknell University and colleagues have obtained extensive field and analytical data from the essentially unexplored central part of the volcanic belt to better constrain the timing and nature of tectonic processes and landscape evolution. They integrate their new datasets with previous studies from the western and eastern parts of the volcanic belt to present a tectonic model that documents diachronous volcanism and basin development along the northern Pacific margin in response to progressive insertion of the Yakutat terrane into the arcuate continental margin of southeastern Alaska.
Magnitudes and spatial patterns of erosional exhumation in the Sevier hinterland, eastern Nevada and western Utah: Insights from a Paleogene paleogeologic map Sean P. Long, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, 89557, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES783.1.
Extension of the crust in the Basin and Range province has complexly overprinted the hinterland of the Sevier fold-thrust belt in Nevada and Utah, which is a region often interpreted as an ancient, high-elevation orogenic plateau. In this paper, Sean P. Long has constructed a paleogeologic map of this region that shows the distribution of rocks and structures that were at the surface between 25 and 45 million years ago, and therefore offers a simplified view of the bedrock geology prior to the majority of Basin and Range extension. In addition, using records of thickness patterns of sedimentary rocks that once overlay this region, Long presents an additional map that shows the amount of rock that was eroded off of the Sevier hinterland prior to extension. These paleogeologic and erosion maps greatly aid in our understanding of the geometry and distribution of thrust faults and folds in the Sevier hinterland, the erosion processes that operate in high-elevation orogenic plateaus, and the timing of the subsequent extensional collapse of this region.
Transtensional deformation and structural control of contiguous but independent magmatic systems: Mono-Inyo Craters, Mammoth Mountain, and Long Valley Caldera, California P. Riley et al., ExxonMobil Production Company, 800 Bell Street, Houston, Texas 77002, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES00662.1.
This paper by P. Riley and colleagues provides two tectonic models to explain recent (younger than three million years old) magmatism around Mammoth Mountain and Long Valley, California, USA. First, we suggest that magmatism associated with Mammoth Mountain, and extending north along the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain is part of a ridge-transform-ridge system, similar to known rift margins. Second, we suggest that fault patterns, block rotations, and plate motions produced a region of enhanced extension, creating space for the formation of the Long Valley Caldera. The two tectonic models are both a consequence of transtensional deformation occurring between the Sierra Nevada microplate and the North America plate, and suggest that the area may be an incipient rift margin.
The origins of Late Quaternary debris avalanche and debris flow deposits from Cofre de Perote volcano, Mexico Rodolfo Daz-Castelln et al., Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, 76230 Quertaro, Mxico. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES708.1.
Cofre de Perote volcano is a compound, shield-like volcano located in the northeastern Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. Large debris avalanche and lahar deposits are associated with the evolution of Cofre. The two best preserved of these debris-avalanche and debris-flow deposits are the ~42,000-year-old Los Pescados debris flow deposit and the ~11,000- to 13,000-year-old Xico avalanche deposit, both of which display contrasting morphological and textural characteristics, source materials, origins and emplacement environments. Rodolfo Das-Castelln and colleagues used multiple analytical techniques to identify the most abundant clay, sulfate, ferric-iron, and silica minerals in the deposits, which were either related to hydrothermal alteration or chemical weathering processes. They next used cloud-free Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) remote sensing imagery, supporting EO-1 Hyperion image spectra, and field-ground truth samples to map the mineralogy and distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks on the modern summit of Cofre de Perote. The results show that the older Los Pescados debris-flow deposit contains mostly halloysite and hydrous silica minerals, which match the dominant mineralogy of soils and weathered volcanic deposit in the surrounding flanks of Cofre de Perote. Its source materials were most likely derived from initially noncohesive or clay-poor flows, which subsequently bulked with clay-rich valley soils and alluvium in a manner similar to lahars from Nevado del Ruiz in 1985, but on a larger scale. The younger Xico avalanche deposit contains abundant smectite, jarosite, kaolinite, gypsum, and mixed-layered illite/smectite, which are either definitely or most likely of hydrothermal alteration origin.
Middle Miocene to early Pliocene oblique extension in the southern Gulf of California Fiona H. Sutherland et al., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. Posted online 16 July 2012; doi: 10.1130/GES770.1.
Seismic reflection profiling reveals an early history of oblique rifting in the Gulf of California that highlights earlier detachment of Baja California away from mainland Mexico. Capture of the Baja California microplate was thought to be a two-step process that began about 12 million years ago but did not gather steam until six million years ago, when extension was focused in what we now call the Gulf of California or Sea of Cortez. New research by Fiona H. Sutherland and colleagues shows that extension focused behind Baja California began in earnest 12 million years ago and has been continuing ever since. This process of nascent rifting is similar to what is happening today in the Walker Lane deformation belt, a zone of trans-tension and shear, just east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, although this process has not reached full continental-scale rupture (in Alta California) just yet.
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HTC has been stoking the fires of anticipation for its return to tablets, and that small flame is quickly turning into a full conflagration. A slab nicknamed the Vertex has surfaced in benchmarks with a 1.3GHz NVIDIA Tegra 3 and a 1,280 x 752 usable resolution that's noticeably wider than the similarly Tegra 3-equipped One X's 720p display. Other than Android 4.0 (and a probably Sense 4.0), however, there's scant else to go on. The last murmurs of a Vertex from the fall had it carrying a rear 2-megapixel camera and a front 1.3-megapixel shooter, but it's been long enough now that we wouldn't count on that still being true -- or that the new benchmarks necessarily reflect what we might get. Let's just hope that the resulting device is more competitive than the pricey Jetstream.
New malware that is spread via the Web, and is operating system-agnostic, has been discovered by researchers at F-Secure.
The malware uses social engineering by showing this "warning" (top?version shown here is for Windows, the bottom is?for Mac) when a user visits the tainted page and gets the "warning."
It doesn't matter which operating system you're using, says F-Secure; the file first?"checks if the user's machine is?running in Windows, Mac or Linux then downloads the appropriate files for the platform."
The payload? "Once it has found out which operating system you are running, the Java class file will download the appropriate flavor of malware, with the intention of opening a backdoor that will give hackers remote access to your computer," writes Sophos Security's Graham Cluley on that company's blog.
Topher Kessler of CNET's Blog Network notes that if "at any?point you see a program, applet, or other resource attempt to use a self-signed certificate, then be sure you personally trust the source before using it (i.e., it is from a server you own or manage)."
Legitimate vendors will "use certificates signed by an authority like VeriSign, which authenticates to the root certificates in your system to ensure applets and other transactions with the service are legitimate and secure," he writes.
Cluley notes that this "isn't, of course, the first cross-platform malware that we have seen. For instance, in 2010 we saw the?Boonana malware?which similarly used a malicious Java applet to deliver a cross-platform attack that attempts to download further malware on Windows, Unix and Mac OS X."
With more malware attacks on Apple's OS in the past year, and ongoing strikes against Windows-based systems, "although the amount of malware written for different operating systems can vary, it's becoming increasingly hard to argue on any OS that it's safe to surf the Web without anti-virus protection," Cluley wrote. And it's hard to argue with that.
Check out Technolog, Gadgetbox, Digital Life and In-Game on?Facebook,?and on Twitter, follow Suzanne Choney.
One of the great recreational activities is an exciting and fun-filled tailgating party. It's more than just drinks at the back of an SUV or a truck; tailgating parties are a big hit at any sports event. This is where everyone gets together to celebrate the game, or maybe just for a get together where all of you can have fun, share stories and laughter. Cookment.com provide free recipes online for every occassion.
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For your main dish, grilled shrimp is easy to prepare.
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A UN agency has expressed concern that torture may have been used to extract confessions over the alleged serial poisoning of Afghan schoolgirls, which experts say is more likely to be mass hysteria.
Sweeping arrests were made last month after the government came under pressure to act as hundreds of schoolgirls fell ill and fainted in schools in the northern province of Takhar on an almost daily basis.
The national intelligence agency, the NDS, announced at a news conference on June 6 that 15 suspects -- including two schoolgirls -- had confessed to being involved in poisoning the pupils.
The authorities blame Taliban insurgents notorious for their opposition to schooling for girls, saying the hardline Islamists have poisoned water supplies or somehow gassed the pupils -- winning headlines around the world.
But the human rights unit of the UN mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) has raised concerns that the confessions might be suspect.
"The UN is unaware of any forensic evidence to support the allegations that poison has been used in the affected schools," James Rodehaver, head of UNAMA's human rights unit, told AFP this week.
"UNAMA has made public its concerns about the use of torture in selected NDS facilities throughout the country, including Takhar, as a means to force persons suspected of insurgency activities to confess," he said.
"It is also very concerning that NDS publicised the confessions of the suspects in the Takhar case, including of the two schoolgirls. This violates fair trial rights, including the presumption of innocence, of the accused."
If it is shown that the confessions were forced, it is the duty of the courts to throw the confessions out as evidence, Rodehaver said.
The government denied that the suspects had been tortured.
"This is absolutely wrong, no one was tortured," said interior ministry spokesman Sediq Sediqqi.
"These people were arrested with evidence and we have their confessions. In the Sari Pul case (last month) it was spray involved, and in Takhar it was mostly pills. We have that evidence."
The World Health Organisation says there is no forensic evidence of poisoning in the cases, which were first noticed in large numbers in 2008.
Mass hysteria, properly known as mass psychogenic illness, is "the most probable cause" of the mysterious ailments, it says.
The symptoms include sudden nausea, dizziness and mass fainting episodes in which the girls are rushed to hospital, only to recover soon afterwards.
The WHO says that out of 1,634 cases in 22 schools over the past four years, no deaths have been reported.
It adds that the outbreaks appear to follow a seasonal pattern, starting in April/May, close to the school examination period, but notes that "the diagnosis of mass hysteria is still contentious".
With no physical cause established, Robert Bartholomew, a sociologist and author, told AFP in May that the poisoning scares had "all the earmarks of mass psychogenic illness, also known as mass hysteria".
Bartholomew said he had collected more than 600 cases of mass hysteria in schools dating back to 1566 in Europe, "and the Afghan episode certainly fits the pattern".
"The tell-tale signs of psychogenic illness in these Afghan outbreaks include the preponderance of schoolgirls; the conspicuous absence of a toxic agent; transient, benign symptoms; rapid onset and recovery; plausible rumours; the presence of a strange odour; and anxiety generated from a wartime backdrop."
He noted there was a history of similar cases in combat zones, listing examples from the Palestinian territories in 1983 to Soviet Georgia in 1989 and Kosovo in 1990.
The Afghan incidents came "within a larger social panic involving the fear of Taliban insurgents", he added.
Afghanistan has been at war for the past 30 years, and according to the director of the government's mental health department, Bashir Ahmad Sarwari, half the population suffers from mental stress caused by the conflict.
The mass hysteria phenomenon is not well understood, however, and many in Afghanistan resist the idea of a psychological cause.
The Taliban have denied responsibility for any poisoning attacks on girls' schools, but their history makes them an easy target for officials searching for someone to blame.
Before the Islamists were toppled in a US-led invasion after the 9/11 attacks on New York and Washington, they were notorious for their brutal suppression of women.
But now, more than three million girls attend school, according to government figures.
The United States leads a NATO force of some 130,000 troops in Afghanistan, but they are due to withdraw by the end of 2014, raising fears among Afghans that recent gains in women's rights may be eroded.
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Public release date: 16-Jul-2012
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